Prevalencia y características de los pacientes con infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) diagnosticados de novo en un servicio de urgencias / Prevalence of undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus infection in an emergency department and the characteristics of newly diagnosed patients

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) no diagnosticada entre la población que acude al servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH) mediante la realización rutinaria del test para VIH, y describir los factores asociados al diagnóstico. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó a los pacientes entre 15 y 75 años valorados en la zona de pacientes ambulantes del SUH y a los que se les realizó una analítica sanguínea por su motivo de consulta, en la que se obtuvo una muestra para realizar la prueba del VIH de manera rutinaria mediante test de enzimoinmunoanálisis (EIA) de 4ª generación. Los pacientes con resultado positivo fueron remitidos al servicio de infecciosas para seguimiento y tratamiento. Resultados: Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre de 1.722 pacientes. De estos, 21 (1,2%) rechazaron la realización de la serología y 19 (1,1%) no fueron finalmente analizados. La prevalencia de infección VIH no diagnosticada entre los 1.682 pacientes analizados fue del 0,6% [IC 95%: 0,23-0,96%]. Fue, sin significación estadística, mayor en los pacientes nacidos en otros países 0,97% [IC 95%: 0,3-2,20] y en los pacientes de 36 a 50 años 1,46% [IC 95%: 0,4-2,5]. Los factores que se asociaron con infección no conocida por VIH fueron ser hombre [OR: 5,78 (IC 95%: 1,0-31,4)], tener un motivo de consulta sugerente de infección [OR: 8,14 (IC 95%: 1,6-41,4)] y tener antecedentes de hepatitis [OR: 5,53 (IC 95%: 1,1-27,7)]. Conclusión: Hubo una alta prevalencia (0,6%) de infección por VIH no diagnosticada entre los pacientes atendidos en urgencias, los cuales mostraron una alta aceptación para realizar una serología VIH de manera rutinaria y universal. Estos resultados aconsejan mejorar las estrategias de detección de infección oculta por VIH (AU)

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection detected by routine testing of patients seeking care in an emergency department and to describe the characteristics associated with new HIV-infection diagnosis. Methods: Walk-in patients between the ages of 15 and 75 years who required a blood test were included. Routine fourth-generation enzyme-linked immunoassays were performed to detect HIV infection in all samples extracted. Patients with positive results were referred to the infectious diseases department for monitoring and treatment. Results: Blood samples for 1722 patients were analyzed. Twenty-one patients (1.2%) refused to allow their samples to be tested; 19 more samples (1.1%) could not be tested. The prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection among the remaining 1682 remaining patients was 0.6% (95% CI, 0.23%–0.96%). The prevalence tended to be nonsignificantly higher among patients born outside Spain (0.97% [95% CI, 0.3%–2.20%]) and in 36–50-year-olds (1.46% [95% CI, 0.4%–2.5%]). Characteristics associated with undiagnosed HIV infection were male sex (odds ratio [OR], 5.78 [95% CI, 1.0–31.4]), presenting with a chief complaint that suggested infection (OR, 8.14 [95% CI, 1.6–41.4]), and a history of hepatitis (OR, 5.53 [95% CI, 1.1–27.7]). Conclusions: The prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection in our emergency department was high at 0.6%. The rate of patient acceptance of routine HIV testing was high. Strategies that target improving the detection of undiagnosed HIV infection are advisable (AU)

[Prevalence of undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus infection in an emergency department and the characteristics of newly diagnosed patients]. / Prevalencia y características de los pacientes con infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) diagnosticados de novo en un servicio de urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection detected by routine testing of patients seeking care in an emergency department and to describe the characteristics associated with new HIV-infection diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Walk-in patients between the ages of 15 and 75 years who required a blood test were included. Routine fourth-generation enzyme-linked immunoassays were performed to detect HIV infection in all samples extracted. Patients with positive results were referred to the infectious diseases department for monitoring and treatment. RESULTS: Blood samples for 1722 patients were analyzed. Twenty-one patients (1.2%) refused to allow their samples to be tested; 19 more samples (1.1%) could not be tested. The prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection among the remaining 1682 remaining patients was 0.6% (95% CI, 0.23%-0.96%). The prevalence tended to be nonsignificantly higher among patients born outside Spain (0.97% [95% CI, 0.3%-2.20%]) and in 36-50-year-olds (1.46% [95% CI, 0.4%-2.5%]). Characteristics associated with undiagnosed HIV infection were male sex (odds ratio [OR], 5.78 [95% CI, 1.0-31.4]), presenting with a chief complaint that suggested infection (OR, 8.14 [95% CI, 1.6-41.4]), and a history of hepatitis (OR, 5.53 [95% CI, 1.1-27.7]). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection in our emergency department was high at 0.6%. The rate of patient acceptance of routine HIV testing was high. Strategies that target improving the detection of undiagnosed HIV infection are advisable.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) no diagnosticada entre la población que acude al servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH) mediante la realización rutinaria del test para VIH, y describir los factores asociados al diagnóstico. METODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó a los pacientes entre 15 y 75 años valorados en la zona de pacientes ambulantes del SUH y a los que se les realizó una analítica sanguínea por su motivo de consulta, en la que se obtuvo una muestra para realizar la prueba del VIH de manera rutinaria mediante test de enzimoinmunoanálisis (EIA) de 4ª generación. Los pacientes con resultado positivo fueron remitidos al servicio de infecciosas para seguimiento y tratamiento. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre de 1.722 pacientes. De estos, 21 (1,2%) rechazaron la realización de la serología y 19 (1,1%) no fueron finalmente analizados. La prevalencia de infección VIH no diagnosticada entre los 1.682 pacientes analizados fue del 0,6% [IC 95%: 0,23-0,96%]. Fue, sin significación estadística, mayor en los pacientes nacidos en otros países 0,97% [IC 95%: 0,3-2,20] y en los pacientes de 36 a 50 años 1,46% [IC 95%: 0,4-2,5]. Los factores que se asociaron con infección no conocida por VIH fueron ser hombre [OR: 5,78 (IC 95%: 1,0-31,4)], tener un motivo de consulta sugerente de infección [OR: 8,14 (IC 95%: 1,6-41,4)] y tener antecedentes de hepatitis [OR: 5,53 (IC 95%: 1,1-27,7)]. CONCLUSIONES: Hubo una alta prevalencia (0,6%) de infección por VIH no diagnosticada entre los pacientes atendidos en urgencias, los cuales mostraron una alta aceptación para realizar una serología VIH de manera rutinaria y universal. Estos resultados aconsejan mejorar las estrategias de detección de infección oculta por VIH.

Impacto de un tratamiento integral e intensivo de factores de riesgo sobre la mortalidad cardiovascular en prevención secundaria: estudio MIRVAS / Impact of comprehensive and intensive treatment of risk factors concerning cardiovascular mortality in secondary prevention: MIRVAS study

Introducción y objetivos. Evaluamos si un tratamiento integral e intensivo de factores de riesgo cardiovascular logra reducir el número de eventos cardiovasculares y la tasa de mortalidad cardiovascular en pacientes en prevención secundaria a 3 años de seguimiento. Métodos. Se diseñó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado, no enmascarado y en condiciones de práctica clínica. Se seleccionó a 247 pacientes que habían tenido un síndrome coronario agudo o un ictus y se los aleatorizó a un tratamiento integral e intensivo de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (n=121) o al seguimiento según la práctica clínica habitual (n=126). Las variables principales fueron: el número de episodios cardiovasculares ocurridos y la mortalidad cardiovascular tras 3 años de seguimiento. La variable secundaria fue el porcentaje de pacientes que alcanzaban control de cada factor de riesgo. Resultados. El 88,8% de los pacientes asignados al grupo de tratamiento intensivo tenía las lipoproteínas de baja densidad en < 100 mg/dl frente al 56,4% (riesgo relativo [RR]=1,57; intervalo de confianza [IC]del 95%, 1,28-1,93) del grupo de tratamiento habitual; un 75,7% de los diabéticos tenían valores de HbA1c < 7% frente a un 28,6% (RR=2,65; IC del 95%, 1,13-6,19) del grupo de tratamiento habitual. Ocurrieron 4 muertes de causa cardiovascular y 26 eventos no mortales en el grupo de tratamiento intensivo frente a 17 muertes y 54 eventos no mortales en el grupo de tratamiento habitual. La tasa de supervivencia a 3 años fue del 97,4% en el grupo intervención y el 85,5% en el grupo control (p=0,003). Conclusiones. Un tratamiento integral e intensivo de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes en prevención secundaria reduce la morbimortalidad tras 3 años de seguimiento(AU)

The aim was to determine whether secondary prevention involving the comprehensive and intensive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors reduces cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality at 3-year follow up. Methods: The study design comprised a randomized, controlled, open trial in a routine clinical practice setting. In total, 247 patients who presented with acute coronary syndrome or stroke were selected. They were randomized to comprehensive and intensive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors (n=121) or to follow-up based on usual care (n=126). The main study outcomes were the number of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality at 3-year follow-up. The percentage of patients in whom each risk factor was successfully controlled was a secondary outcome. Results: Overall, 88.8% of patients assigned to the intensive treatment group had a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level <100 mg/dl compared with 56.4% of the usual-care group (relative risk [RR]=1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-1.93), and 75.7% of diabetics had a hemoglobin A1c <7% compared with 28.6% of the usual-care group (RR=2.65; 95% CI, 1.13-6.19). There were four deaths due to cardiovascular causes and 26 nonfatal events in the intensive treatment group versus 17 deaths and 54 nonfatal events in the usual-care group. The cumulative survival rate at 3 years was 97.4% in the intervention group and 85.5% in the control group (p=.003). Conclusions: Secondary prevention involving comprehensive and intensive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors reduced both morbidity and mortality at 3-year follow up(AU)

Impact of comprehensive and intensive treatment of risk factors concerning cardiovascular mortality in secondary prevention: MIRVAS Study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim was to determine whether secondary prevention involving the comprehensive and intensive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors reduces cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality at 3-year follow up. METHODS: The study design comprised a randomized, controlled, open trial in a routine clinical practice setting. In total, 247 patients who presented with acute coronary syndrome or stroke were selected. They were randomized to comprehensive and intensive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors (n=121) or to follow-up based on usual care (n=126). The main study outcomes were the number of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality at 3-year follow-up. The percentage of patients in whom each risk factor was successfully controlled was a secondary outcome. RESULTS: Overall, 88.8% of patients assigned to the intensive treatment group had a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level <100mg/dl compared with 56.4% of the usual-care group (relative risk [RR]=1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-1.93), and 75.7% of diabetics had a hemoglobin A(1c) <7% compared with 28.6% of the usual-care group (RR=2.65; 95% CI, 1.13-6.19). There were four deaths due to cardiovascular causes and 26 nonfatal events in the intensive treatment group versus 17 deaths and 54 nonfatal events in the usual-care group. The cumulative survival rate at 3 years was 97.4% in the intervention group and 85.5% in the control group (p=.003). CONCLUSIONS: Secondary prevention involving comprehensive and intensive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors reduced both morbidity and mortality at 3-year follow up.

[Cardiovascular morbimortality reduction after an acute cardiovascular event through multifactorial and intensive cardiovascular risk factors management (MIRVAS project)]. / Reducción de la morbimortalidad cardiovascular tras un episodio cardiovascular agudo mediante el tratamiento intensivo de los factores de riesgo (proyecto MIRVAS).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In spite of publication of many guidelines, management of patients on secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is still not appropriated. We design a randomized trial, in usual clinical practice conditions, to compare the results in cardiovascular morbimortality of intensive and integral management of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) management versus conventional care. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We selected patients discharged between October 2002 and January 2004 who suffered an acute coronary syndrome with or without ST-segment elevation or a stroke, 247 patients that met inclusions criteria were randomized to intensive care of CVRF in a specific Internal Medicine outpatient clinic (n = 121) or usual care according to National Health Service recommendations (n = 126). A year after randomization, the percentage of patients who met CVRF control, treatment received and the number of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndrome with or without ST-segment elevation, stroke, transient ischemic attack, revascularization, lower limb amputation, heart failure admission and sudden death) were revised. RESULTS: CVRF control was greater in patients assigned to intensive care. 74.1% of hypertensive patients assigned to this treatment were controlled vs 41.7% in the usual care group (relative risk [RR] = 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-2-49); 70.2% of patients had low-densi-tiy lipoprotein cholesterol lower than 100 mg/dl vs 55.8% (RR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.00-1.58) of patients in usual care group; 93.1% of diabetic patients had glycosylated haemoglobin lower than 7% vs. 57.1% (RR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.11-2.39) in the usual care group. There were 12 cardiovascular events in the intensive care group vs 35 in the usual care group. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive management of CVRF leads to a better control of them and a reduction of the morbimortality one year after an acute cardiovascular event.

Reducción de la morbimortalidad cardiovascular tras un episodio cardiovascular agudo mediante el tratamiento intensivo de los factores de riesgo (proyecto MIRVAS) / Cardiovascular morbimortality reduction after an acute cardiovascular event through multifactorial and intensive cardiovascular risk factors management (MIRVAS project)

Fundamento y objetivo: A pesar de la publicación de numerosas guías de tratamiento, el seguimiento de los pacientes en prevención secundaria de enfermedad cardiovascular todavía no es el adecuado. Hemos diseñado un ensayo aleatorizado en situación de práctica clínica habitual para evaluar los resultados de un programa de tratamiento integral e intensivo de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) frente al tratamiento convencional en la morbimortalidad cardiovascular. Pacientes y método: Entre octubre de 2002 y enero de 2004 se seleccionó a todos los pacientes dados de alta que habían presentado un síndrome coronario agudo, con o sin elevación del segmento ST, o un ictus. Cumplían los criterios de inclusión un total de 247, que se asignaron aleatoriamente a un tratamiento integral e intensivo de los FRCV en una consulta monográfica atendida por un médico internista (n = 121) o al seguimiento habitual según las recomendaciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud (n = 126). Un año después de la inclusión se comprobó el porcentaje de pacientes que habían alcanzado el control óptimo de cada factor de riesgo, así como el tratamiento recibido y el número de episodios cardiovasculares sucesivos (muerte por causa cardiovascular, síndrome coronario agudo con o sin elevación del segmento ST, ictus, accidente isquémico transitorio, revascularización en cualquier territorio, amputación de extremidades inferiores, ingreso por insuficiencia cardíaca y muerte súbita). Resultados: El control de los FRCV fue superior en el grupo de tratamiento intensivo. Un 74,1% de los pacientes hipertensos asignados a este tratamiento estaban controlados, frente al 41,7% del grupo de tratamiento habitual (riesgo relativo [RR] = 1,78; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,27-2,49); un 70,2% presentaba cifras de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad menores de 100 mg/dl, frente a un 55,8% (RR = 1,26; IC del 95%, 1,00-1,58) del grupo de tratamiento habitual; un 93,1% de los diabéticos presentaba valores de hemoglobina glucosilada inferiores al 7%, frente a un 57,1% (RR = 1,63; IC del 95%, 1,11-2,39) del grupo de tratamiento habitual. Se produjeron 12 episodios cardiovasculares en el grupo de intervención, frente a 35 en el grupo de tratamiento habitual. Conclusiones: El tratamiento intensivo aumenta la proporción de pacientes que alcanzan un control óptimo de los FRCV y reduce la morbimortalidad durante el año siguiente a un episodio cardiovascular

Background and objective: In spite of publication of many guidelines, management of patients on secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is still not appropriated. We design a randomized trial, in usual clinical practice conditions, to compare the results in cardiovascular morbimortality of intensive and integral management of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) management versus conventional care. Patients and method: We selected patients discharged between October 2002 and January 2004 who suffered an acute coronary syndrome with or without ST-segment elevation or a stroke, 247 patients that met inclusions criteria were randomized to intensive care of CVRF in a specific Internal Medicine outpatient clinic (n = 121) or usual care according to National Health Service recommendations (n = 126). A year after randomization, the percentage of patients who met CVRF control, treatment received and the number of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndrome with or without ST-segment elevation, stroke, transient ischemic attack, revascularization, lower limb amputation, heart failure admission and sudden death) were revised. Results: CVRF control was greater in patients assigned to intensive care. 74.1% of hypertensive patients assigned to this treatment were controlled vs 41.7% in the usual care group (relative risk [RR] = 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-2-49); 70.2% of patients had low-densitiy lipoprotein cholesterol lower than 100 mg/dl vs 55.8% (RR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.00-1.58) of patients in usual care group; 93.1% of diabetic patients had glycosylated haemoglobin lower than 7% vs. 57.1% (RR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.11-2.39) in the usual care group. There were 12 cardiovascular events in the intensive care group vs 35 in the usual care group. Conclusions: Intensive management of CVRF leads to a better control of them and a reduction of the morbimortality one year after an acute cardiovascular event